Clinical Efficacy of Longbeisan Application at Shenque （CV 8） Combined with Oral Administration of Chinese Medicine in Treatment of Premature Ejaculation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical value of Longbeisan application at Shenque （CV 8） combined with oral administration of Chinese medicine in the treatment of premature ejaculation （PE）. MethodA total of 98 PE patients treated in the andrology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine at the same time period were randomly assigned into an observation group and a control group， with 49 patients in each group. The observation group received Longbeisan application at Shenque （CV 8） combined with oral treatment of Chinese medicine according to syndrome differentiation， and the control group was treated with dapoxetine hydrochloride tablets. The treatment in both groups lasted for 8 weeks. The intravaginal ejaculatory latency time （IELT）， Chinese index of premature ejaculation-5 （CIPE-5） score， patient's sexual life satisfaction， spouse's sexual life satisfaction， effective rate， and adverse reaction incidence were compared between the two groups. ResultAfter treatment， the observation group had higher total effective rate than the control group ［（85.71% （42/49） vs. 67.35% （33/49）， χ2=6.262， P<0.05］. The IELT， CIPE-5 score， and patient's and spouse's satisfaction scores after treatment increased compared with those before treatment （P<0.01）， and the increases were more significant in the observation group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The clinical effect of the observation group was better than that of the control group. During the treatment， 7 （7/49，14.29%） patients in the control group and 2 ，2/49，4.08%） patients in the observation group showed adverse reactions， which indicated the safety of the observation group was better than that of the control group （χ2=9.000， P<0.05）. In the follow-up period， 11 （11/49，22.45%） patients in the control group and 3 （3/49，6.12%） patients in the observation group showed aggravation of symptoms， which meant that the observation group had better lasting effect （χ2=0.317， P<0.05）. ConclusionLongbeisan application at Shenque （CV 8） combined with oral administration of Chinese medicine has better clinical effect， stronger safety， and longer effect than dapoxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of PE.

The application of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in selective dorsal neurotomy for primary premature ejaculation: a prospective single-center study / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Selective dorsal neurotomy (SDN) is a surgical treatment for primary premature ejaculation (PE), but there is still no standard surgical procedure for selecting the branches of the dorsal penile nerves to be removed. We performed this study to explore the value of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) of the penile sensory-evoked potential (PSEP) for standard surgical procedures in SDN. One hundred and twenty primary PE patients undergoing SDN were selected as the PE group and 120 non-PE patients were selected as the normal group. The PSEP was monitored and compared between the two groups under both natural and general anesthesia (GA) states. In addition, patients in the PE group were randomly divided into the IONM group and the non-IONM group. During SDN surgery, PSEP parameters of the IONM group were recorded and analyzed. The differences in PE-related outcome measurements between the perioperative period and 3 months' postoperation were compared for the PE patients, and the differences in effectiveness and complications between the IONM group and the non-IONM group were compared. The results showed that the average latency of the PSEP in the PE group was shorter than that in the normal group under both natural and GA states (P < 0.001). Three months after surgery, the significant effective rates in the IONM and non-IONM groups were 63.6% and 34.0%, respectively (P < 0.01), and the difference in complications between the two groups was significant (P < 0.05). IONM might be useful in improving the short-term therapeutic effectiveness and reducing the complications of SDN.

Current status and new progress of drug therapy for premature ejaculation / 现代泌尿外科杂志

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction with a high incidence, which seriously affects the relationship between a husband and wife and family harmony. Drug therapy is a first-line treatment for PE patients with premature ejaculation, and has achieved good efficacy, but the clinically available drugs are single and the abandonment rate is high. Coupled with the ineffective treatment of some patients, new drug research and development is imminent. This paper systematically reviews the current status of drug treatment for premature ejaculation, focusing on the research and development of new drugs and research progress in order to provide a reference for clinicians.

Efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of comorbiditiy of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation: a meta analysis / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors alone or in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) compared with SSRIs alone in the treatment of comorbidity of erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE). 【Methods】 The clinical randomized controlled trials of ED and PE comorbidity treated with PDE5 inhibitors alone or in combination with SSRIs were searched from database inception to Sep.2022, in CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang Database, cqVIP Database, SinoMed and Yiigle. The intravaginal ejaculatory latency time(IELT), score of International Index of Erectile Function 5 (IIEF-5) and adverse reaction rate were analyzed with RevMan 5.4.1 software. 【Results】 A total of9 studies involving 793 patients were included. Meta analysis showed that compared with SSRIs alone, PDE5 inhibitors alone or in combination with SSRIs yielded better results in IELT [MD=1.99, 95%CI(1.51-2.46), P<0.001] and higher IIEF-5 score [MD=4.61, 95%CI(3.68-5.55), P<0.001] , but no increase in adverse events [RR=0.99, 95%CI(0.74-1.31), P=0.92] . 【Conclusion】 In the treatment of ED and PE comorbidity, priority should be given to ED or both ED and PE, which can produce better efficacy without increasing the adverse effects.

Efficacy of low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of penile hypersensitive premature ejaculation / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the efficacy of low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of penile hypersensitive premature ejaculation. 【Methods】 A total of 66 patients treated during Nov.2021 and Aug.2022 were randomly divided into electrical stimulation group (n=22), local anesthesia group (n=21), and combined therapy group (n=23). The electrical stimulation group received low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation, 5 times a week;the local anesthesia group used compound lidocaine cream 30 minutes before sexual intercourse;the combined therapy group received both treatments. After 3-month treatment, the latency of dorsal nerve somatosensory evoked potential (DNSEP), glans penis somatosensory evoked potential (GPSEP), intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation diagnostic tool score (PEDT), and spouse sexual satisfaction score were collected. 【Results】 After treatment, IELT, PEDT, spouse’s sexual life satisfaction score, DNSEP and GPSEP of the three groups were significantly improved (P0.05). 【Conclusion】 Low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation is effective in the treatment of penile hypersensitive premature ejaculation, and the combination of local anesthetics is more effective, which is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with premature ejaculation (lifelong and acquired)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of patients with lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation and to examine its relationship with depression and anxiety. METHODS: Between February 2017 and January 2018, a total of 175 patients with premature ejaculation and 132 control men who applied to the urology department of the training and research hospital with the complaint of Premature Ejaculation were included. Patients were divided into three groups according to International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) criteria as follows: Group 1, lifelong premature ejaculation; Group 2, acquired premature ejaculation, and Group 3, control group without premature ejaculation. A detailed medical history of patients was obtained and physical examinations were performed. Intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was recorded and patients were administered International Erectile Function Index-5 (IIEF-5), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-1 and STAI-2, and Short Form-36 (SF-36). RESULTS: The mean mental component score (MCS) of the SF-36 was 51.65±6.57 in the lifelong premature ejaculation group, 49.33±8.65 in the acquired premature ejaculation group, and 61.12±11.09 in the control group (p<0.0001). The mean physical component score (PCS) was 50.99±7.43 in the lifelong premature ejaculation group, 48.32±11.58 in the acquired premature ejaculation group, and 55.17±8.10 in the control group (p<0.0001). Quality of life of premature ejaculation patients as assessed by SF-36 was lower in the subscales of physical functioning, general health perception, vitality, and role limitations due to emotional functioning, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation patients deteriorate their quality of life: the deterioration in these patients' quality of life also negatively affects their depression and anxiety states.

Prostate-derived IL-1β upregulates expression of NMDA receptor in the paraventricular nucleus and shortens ejaculation latency in rats with experimental autoimmune prostatitis / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP)-induced persistent inflammatory immune response can significantly upregulate the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we screened out the target prostate-derived inflammation cytokines (PDICs) by comparing the inflammatory cytokine levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between EAP rats and their controls. After identifying the target PDIC, qualified males in initial copulatory behavior testing (CBT) were subjected to implanting tubes onto bilateral PVN. Next, they were randomly divided into four subgroups (EAP-1, EAP-2, Control-1, and Control-2). After 1-week recovery, EAP-1 rats were microinjected with the target PDIC inhibitor, Control-1 rats were microinjected with the target PDIC, while the EAP-2 and Control-2 subgroups were only treated with the same amount of artificial CSF (aCSF). Results showed that only interleukin-1β(IL-1β) had significantly increased mRNA-expression in the prostate of EAP rats compared to the controls (P < 0.001) and significantly higher protein concentrations in both the serum (P = 0.001) and CSF (P < 0.001) of the EAP groups compared to the Control groups. Therefore, IL-1β was identified as the target PDIC which crosses the blood-brain barrier, thereby influencing the central nervous system. Moreover, the EAP-1 subgroup displayed a gradually prolonged ejaculation latency (EL) in the last three CBTs (all P < 0.01) and a significantly lower expression of NMDA NR1 subunit in the PVN (P = 0.043) compared to the respective control groups after a 10-day central administration of IL-1β inhibitors. However, the Control-1 subgroup showed a gradually shortened EL (P < 0.01) and a significantly higher NR1 expression (P = 0.004) after homochronous IL-1β administration. Therefore, we identified IL-1β as the primary PDIC which shortens EL in EAP rats. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms through which IL-1β upregulates NMDA expression.

Safety and efficacy of "on-demand" tramadol in patients with premature ejaculation: an updated meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tramadol has been used for the treatment of premature ejaculation, however, the studies published for the same are not well designed. The primary objective of this study was to explore the literature pertaining to the use of tramadol in patients with PE to determine its safety and efficacy in this population. Materials ande methods: Systematic literature search of various electronic databases was conducted to include all the randomized studies and quasi-randomized studies. Standard PRISMA (Preferred reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines were pursued for this review and study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019123381). Results: Out of 9 studies included in this review, 5 were randomized controlled trials, and rests of the 4 studies were quasi-randomized studies. Tramadol resulted in significantly higher improvement of IELT with the mean difference (MD) of 139.6 seconds and confidence interval (CI) 106.5-172.6 seconds with a p-value of p <0.00001. All dosages except 25mg fared well as compared to placebo. Tramadol fared better than placebo at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after initiation of therapy as compared to the placebo. Tramadol group had reported a significantly higher number of adverse events with treatment as compared to placebo but none of them were serious. Conclusion: Tramadol appears to be an effective drug for the management of PE with a low propensity for serious adverse events. However, evidence obtained from this study is of low to moderate quality. Furthermore, effective dose and duration of therapy remain elusive.

Relationship between Hypogonadal Symptoms, Sexual Dysfunction and Chronic Prostatitis in Middle-Aged Men by Self-Reported Questionnaires, even without Biochemical Testosterone Deficiency

PURPOSE: To investigate the association of erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH).MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the data of 408 enrolled men between January 2014 and January 2019. All participants completed the Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male (ADAM), international index of erectile function-5 (IIEF-5), National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPSI), and premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) questionnaires. Participants were divided by ADAM positive (ADAM+: Group 1) and ADAM negative (ADAM−: Group 2).RESULTS: Total of 289 subjects were in Group 1 and 119 were in Group 2. The mean age was 53.8±7.8 years. The mean total testosterone was 4.8±1.2 ng/dL and showed no differences between the groups (p=0.839). In Groups 1 and 2, ED (IIEF≤21) was identified in 233 (80.6%) versus 37 (31.1%), respectively (p<0.001). The prevalence of PE (PEDT≥9) was 112 (38.7%) versus 13 (10.9%) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.001). However, PE (intravaginal ejaculation latency time<5 minutes) showed no differences between the groups (p=0.863). The incidence of chronic prostatitis (NIH-CPSI pain score≥4) showed significant differences with 49 (17.0%) versus 8 (6.7%) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.007). IIEF-5 total score showed the significantly highest negative correlation (r=−0.313, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Those who complained of LOH symptoms and positive results in the ADAM questionnaire need to be assessed concurrently with the above questionnaires. This could aid useful to detect of ED, PE, and chronic prostatitis co-occurrence.

Which of available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is more effective in treatment of premature ejaculation? A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in order to find the most effective drug with the least number of side effects in treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial. Four hundred and eighty patients with PE in the 4 groups referred to Imam Reza hospital Tehran, Iran from July 2018 to February 2019 were enrolled in the study. The patients received sertraline 50mg, fluoxetine 20mg, paroxetine 20mg and citalopram 20mg, every 12 hours daily. The intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) before treatment, fourth and eighth weeks after treatment was recorded by the patient's wife with a stopwatch. Results: Mean IELT before, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment in four groups were: sertraline 69.4±54.3, 353.5±190.4, 376.3±143.5; fluoxetine 75.5±64.3, 255.4±168.2, 314.8±190.4; paroxetine 71.5±69.1, 320.7±198.3, 379.9±154.3; citalopram 90.39±79.3, 279.9±192.1, 282.5±171.1 seconds, respectively. The ejaculation time significantly increased in all groups (p <0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups (P=0.75). Also, there was no significant difference in drugs side effects between groups (p >0.05). The most common side effects were drowsiness and dyspepsia, which were not severe enough to cause discontinuation of the drug. Conclusions: All available SSRIs were effective and usually had no serious complications. In patients who did not respond to any of these drugs, other SSRI drugs could be used as a salvage therapy.

Low serum vitamin D is associated with an increased likelihood of acquired premature ejaculation

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) levels and acquired premature ejaculation (PE). Materials and Methods: A total of 97 patients with acquired PE and 64 healthy men as a control group selected from volunteers without PE attending our Andrology Outpatient Clinic between November 2016 and April 2017 were included the study. All patients were considered to have acquired PE if they fulfilled the criteria of the second Ad Hoc International Society for Sexual Medicine Committee. Premature ejaculation diagnostic tool questionnaires were used to assessment of PE and all participants were instructed to record intravaginal ejaculatory latency time. Vitamin D levels were evaluated in all participants using high performance liquid chromatography method included in the study. Results: Compared to men without PE, the patients with acquired PE had significantly lower 25 (OH) D levels (12.0 ± 4.5 ng/mL vs. 18.2 ± 7.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, 25 (OH) D was found to be an independent risk factor for acquired PE, with estimated odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.639 (0.460-0.887, p = 0.007) and the area under curve of the ROC curve of 25 (OH) D diagnosing acquired PE was 0.770 (95% CI: 0.695 to 0.844, p < 0.001). The best cut-off value was 16 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 60.9%, specificity of 83.5%, PPV of 70.9%, and NPV of 76.4% to indicate acquired PE. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that lower vitamin D levels are associated with the acquired PE. The result of our study showed that the role of serum vitamin D levels should be investigate in the etiology of acquired PE. Perhaps supplementation of vitamin D in men with acquired PE will ameliorate the sexual health of these patients.

Metabolic Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Acquired Premature Ejaculation

PURPOSE: To determine the role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor for acquired premature ejaculation (PE) after considering the various risk factors, such as lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, and prostatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2012 to January 2017, records of 1,029 men were analyzed. We performed multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for PE, including the covariate of age, marital status, International Prostate Symptom Score, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score, National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score, serum testosterone levels, and all components of MetS. Acquired PE was defined as self-reported intravaginal ejaculation latency time ≤3 minutes, and MetS was diagnosed using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: Of 1,029 men, 74 subjects (7.2%) had acquired PE and 111 (10.8%) had MetS. Multivariate analysis showed that the IIEF overall satisfaction score (odds ratio [OR]=0.67, p<0.001), NIH-CPSI pain score (OR=1.07, p=0.035), NIH-CPSI voiding score (OR=1.17, p=0.032), and presence of MetS (OR=2.20, p=0.022) were significantly correlated with the prevalence of acquired PE. In addition, the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction scores and ejaculation anxiety scores progressively decreased as the number of components of MetS increased. CONCLUSIONS: MetS may be an independent predisposing factor for the development of acquired PE. Effective prevention and treatment of MetS could also be important for the prevention and treatment of acquired PE.

Premature ejaculation: An update on definition and pathophysiology / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction, which represents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge for physicians. However, no universally accepted definition is currently available for PE. As a result, physicians continue to diagnose patients with PE according to major guidelines set by the professional societies. These guidelines either recommend the use of validated questionnaires or patient-reported outcomes. Recent efforts directed toward classifying PE may help provide a better understanding of the prevalence and risk factors of this disorder. While the exact etiology of PE has not been clearly elucidated, several risk factors have been strongly reported in the literature. Clearly, to understand the revised definition of PE, its etiology and pathophysiology is necessary to improve the clinical management of this medical condition and form the basis of future research in this regard. In this review, we highlight the past and current definitions of PE and present an appraisal on the classifications and theories suggested for the etiopathogenesis of PE.

Progresses in pharmaceutical and surgical management of premature ejaculation / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Objective@#Premature ejaculation (PE) is regarded as one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions. This review introduced several pharmaceutical and surgical methods for the management of PE. The definition, etiology, behavioral, and psychological therapy of PE were also discussed.@*Data sources@#"Premature," "ejaculation," or "sexual dysfuction" were used as the medical subject headings (MeSH) to obtain relevant articles before June 2019 on Pubmed, Google Scholar and CNKI. Most articles used were written in English and several Chinese articles were also cited.@*Study selection@#Full-text articles of retrospective/prospective/randomized controlled trials were analyzed. Animal experiments and letters were excluded.@*Results@#There are four PE sub-types: lifelong PE, acquired PE, natural variable PE, and subjective PE. Behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, medication, topical anesthetics, and surgery are currently used for the treatment of PE. However, all the above treatments have limitations. Therefore, novel ways should be investigated to more efficiently control PE.@*Conclusions@#The pharmaceutical therapy that is currently being used in clinical practice for the management of PE is still the main choice globally due to its good efficacy. Surgery may be a choice for patients who are resistant to medication. However, it should be performed cautiously.

Research progress of selective dorsal penile neurotomy in the treatment of primary premature ejaculation / 医学研究生学报

Selective dorsal penile neurotomy is a surgical method proposed for the treatment of primary premature ejaculation in recent years. In view of the inconsistency of surgical methods and the controversy of the operation itself, Large-scale, multi-center research evidence is needed for comprehensive evaluation. This article starts with the etiology of premature ejaculation, and reviews the anatomical basis, indications, contraindications, surgical methods, efficacy evaluation, complications and combined treatment methods of selective dorsal neurotomy.

Objective indexes for the diagnosis of premature ejaculation: An update / 中华男科学杂志

Premature ejaculation is a common male sexual dysfunction disorder, and there are many controversies over its definition. With deeper insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of premature ejaculation, more and more auxiliary examinations are used in its diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and treatment, such as transrectal ultrasonography of seminal vesicles, determination of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration, serum hormone levels, penile sensitivity detection, brain function tests, and genetic sequencing. This review outlines the latest advances in the auxiliary examination of premature ejaculation and provides clinicians with some diagnostic indexes or methods of premature ejaculation for reference.

A Cross-sectional study to explore Sexual dysfunctions among male Hypertensive Patients attending Medicine OPD of Tertiary care centre, Western India

Background: Sexual dysfunction has been traditionally attributed to psychogenic origins and managed bymental health professionals and urologists. However, advances in pathophysiology research point to avascular origin of the problem in the majority of patients, possibly due to atherosclerotic lesions in the genitalarteries that result in decreased blood flow. During management of Hypertension; even the highly skilledphysicians fail to raise the question of sexual dysfunction as they have never been accustomed to do it intheir routine practice.Aim: The study has two aims- (i) to evaluate sexual dysfunctions in male patients of Hypertension and (ii)comparison of sexual dysfunctions and other variables between case and control group.Methodology: Consecutive 200 Hypertensive patients were included in the study. Individuals withcomparable age served as a control group. Detailed socio-demographic variables, substance history andtreatment history for hypertension obtained using a semi-structured Performa. Subject’s sexual dysfunctionswere assessed by ASEX (Arizona Sexual Experience Scale), IIEF (International Index of ErectileDysfunction), PEDT ( Premature ejaculation diagnostic tools).Result: Of the 200 hypertensive patients, 74(37%) participants reported erectile dysfunction, 16(8%)participants reported premature ejaculation, while among 200 normotensive participants, only 8(4%)reported erectile dysfunction, 15(7.5%) reported premature ejaculation. Of the hypertensive participantsstudied, 23% had severe, 8% had moderate, 6% had mild erectile dysfunction. Frequency of erectiledysfunction increase with advancing age.Conclusion: The present study has revealed that erectile dysfunction was a major problem, with a higherprevalence among hypertensive men than normotensive men. Age was considered statistically significantpredictors of erectile dysfunction.Keywords: Sexual dysfunctions, International Index of Erectile dysfunction, Arizona sexual experiencescale, Premature ejaculation diagnostic tools, hypertension

Establishment of a rat model of premature ejaculation with 8-OH-DPAT / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the feasibility and practicability of establishing a rat model of premature ejaculation (PE) by injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments.@*METHODS@#Twenty-four male Wistar rats were equally randomized into a PE model and a blank control group. The PE model was established by injection of 8-OH-DPAT in 10 ml normal saline at 0.8 mg per kg of the body weight per day into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments and the control rats were injected with the same volume of normal saline only, both for 4 weeks. Another 24 female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with benzoic acid estradiol at 20 μg to induce estrus at 36 hours before mated with the male animals. At 2 and 4 weeks, the male rats were mated with the female ones for 30 minutes each time and meanwhile observed for their mating behavior indicators, such as mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculation latency, mount frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation frequency.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the controls, the PE model rats showed a significantly lower ejaculation latency (［712.35 ± 36.77］ vs ［502.35 ± 46.72］ s, P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#A rat model of premature ejaculation was successfully established by injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments, which is of great significance for further study of the mechanism of premature ejaculation.

Correlation of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene-linked polymorphic region with lifelong premature ejaculation: Progress in studies / 中华男科学杂志

Premature ejaculation (PE), as one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions, has a serious negative impact on the sexual satisfaction of the patients and their sexual partners. Lifelong PE is a most common type and a current focus of research as well. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease are not yet clear and genetic factors are considered to be closely related to lifelong PE. Studies show that the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) gene plays an important role in the development and progression of lifelong premature ejaculation and the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has attracted much attention in recent years. This article presents an overview on the correlation between 5-HTTLPR and lifelong PE.

Advances in the surgical treatment of premature ejaculation / 中华男科学杂志

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a most common type of ejaculatory dysfunction, which has significant adverse effects on the life quality of the patients and their partners. Medication is currently the first choice for PE and psycho-behavior therapy is sometimes used as an adjuvant means. It is reported in a number of studies that medication alone or combined with psycho-behavior therapy has a great short-term efficacy and a very low risk of side effects. Conservative therapies for PE, however, have some obvious disadvantages such as easy recurrence after drug withdrawal, ineffectiveness in some cases, and so on. Thus, clinicians in China and abroad have developed and tried various surgical methods for the treatment of PE, most of which are reportedly safe and effective. However, International Society for Sexual Medicine guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PE recommended against surgical methods because of possible permanent loss of sexual function and insufficient reliable data, though without support from evidence or relevant literature. Although controversial, surgical treatment remains an effective and feasible strategy for refractory PE that does not respond to any conservative therapies. This review summarizes a variety of surgical techniques for PE, along with their basic principles, indications, effects and safety.